Calculating equity is simple: You take the market value of your home and subtract any outstanding mortgages or liens. So if you have a $100,000 home and there's $60,000 left to repay on your mortgage, your equity would equal $40,000.
The amount of equity you have is not constant, however. It changes depending on your home's value, market conditions, and the terms of your mortgage. The simplest way to increase your equity is to pay off your mortgage. The more you pay towards the principal, the more equity you accrue.
In the beginning, most of your payments will likely go toward the interest, so you will build equity much slower in the first couple of years in your new home. You can build equity faster if you shorten the term of your mortgage, as more of your payments go toward principal. Once you've paid off your mortgage, the lien on the title will be cleared, and you'll own 100 percent of your home.
You can also increase your home's equity by making improvements that increase its value. Be careful here, however, as you rarely recoup the full cost of renovations. The best strategy is to make renovations that bring your house up to par with other houses on the block and to avoid souping up your house with upgrades and designer appliances the rest of the neighborhood doesn't have.
Best of all, your equity may increase without you doing anything. If property values in your area increase, so will your equity, as it's based on market values. Using the above example, if property values in your area increase by eight percent, your equity would equal $48,000.
But housing market conditions are affected by a number of things, including interest rates, inflation, and the economy. And while houses tend to appreciate over time, it is possible for these conditions to lower property values, resulting in a decrease in your equity. In a worst-case scenario, this could lead to negative equity, where the amount of your mortgage exceeds the value of your home.
Negative equity can also result from an interest-only mortgage. In these cases, your monthly payments may be covering just the interest or only a portion of it. At the end of the interest-only term, you still owe the lender the principal as well as any unpaid interest, making it possible that you owe more than the market value of your home.
To help avoid negative equity, make sure at least some of your mortgage payments are going towards the principal, and try to buy a home in an area where property values are increasing.
The good news is that national home values generally appreciate by an average rate of five percent per year. And on the whole, home prices have risen steadily since 1968, increasing by 8.8 percent in 2004, according to the National Association of REALTORS®. This wealth is readily accessible through home equity loans, which tend to have lower interest rates and may have tax benefits.
What is equity?
The source of this cash is called equity, which is the current value of your home, minus however much you currently owe on any existing mortgages or other home loans.For example, if your home is worth $300,000 and you owe $280,000 on your mortgage, your equity is $20,000. Or if your home is worth the same $300,000, but you owe $250,000 on your mortgage, your equity is $50,000. Essentially, equity equals appraised value minus debt.
If the amount you owe on your home is more than the value of your home, this calculation would result in a negative number and your equity would be zero. This is sometimes referred to as being "upside-down" on your home loan.
Most homeowners need positive equity to borrow against their home. Those who have an exceptionally high credit score may be able to borrow up to 125 percent of the home's value, meaning that they would owe more than their home was worth.
Refinance to access your home equity
One way to turn the equity in your home into ready funds is to refinance your first mortgage for a larger amount and take the difference in cash. This option is called cash-out refinancing.For example, if your home is worth $300,000 and you owe $200,000 on your mortgage, you might want to get a new mortgage for $270,000. Of that amount, $200,000 would be used to pay off your original mortgage and $70,000 would be yours to use for other purposes. In this example, you would still have $30,000 of equity in your home.
A new first mortgage usually makes sense only if the interest rate on the new mortgage would be significantly lower than the rate on your current one. Essentially it allows you to "cash out" a specific sum that you'll repay over the term of your new mortgage (usually 15 or 30 years).
Line of credit offers flexibility
Two other ways to tap into equity are through a home equity loan or a home equity line of credit. A home equity loan involves a specific sum of money and a set repayment schedule. A line of credit works a lot like a credit card, but the money is secured by your home.A home equity loan can be appropriate if you want to borrow a specific sum, say, $10,000 or $25,000, immediately, and you want to make regular monthly payments over a set period of time, such as 10 or 15 years.
A home equity line of credit is a good option if you don't know how much you want to borrow, don't need the money right away, or want to repay any money that you borrow within a short time. Some homeowners set up a home equity line of credit just in case of a future financial need.
A refinanced first mortgage will typically carry a lower interest rate than a home equity loan or line of credit, but refinancing usually includes significantly higher up-front costs. If you're planning to access your home equity, it's a good idea to compare the interest rates, costs, and monthly payments before you make a decision on which type of loan is right for you.